Second Law, Entropy and Free Energy

Second law of thermodynamics at PGT depth: spontaneous processes, heat engines and the Carnot cycle, Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements, entropy as a state function, entropy changes for every standard process, third-law absolute entropies, Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium, and the thermodynamic potential relations.